What Are Accounts Payable?
Accounts payable (AP) is a liability, where a company owes money to one or more creditors. Accounts payable is often mistaken for a company's core operational expenses. However, accounts payable are presented on the company's balance sheet and the expenses that they represent are on the income statement.
Key Takeaways
- Accounts payable (AP) is an account in a company's general ledger
- AP sums show a company's short-term debt to its creditors or suppliers
- Accounts payable are liabilities on the balance sheet because they are yet to be paid
- Companies analyze AP to understand its working capital for the best potential use
Liability Account vs. Expense Account
The best way to distinguish between liabilities and expenses is by analyzing cash flow. Liabilities are obligations that have yet to be paid. Expenses are costs that have been incurred to generate revenue, but may or may not have been paid.
Liabilities are displayed on a company’s balance sheet, which shows a clear and easy-to-understand snapshot of a company's financial standing for a specific time frame. Liabilities are traditionally recorded in the accounts payable sub-ledger at the time an invoice is vouched for payment. Vouched simply means an invoice is approved for payment and has been recorded in thegeneral ledgeras an outstanding liability, where the payment transaction is still in the pipeline. Such payables are often referred to as trade payables.
Liability accounts include interest owed on loans from creditors—known as interest payable, as well as any tax obligations accumulated by a company, which are known as taxes payable. These are not part of accounts payable.
Debt owed to creditors typically must be paid within a short time frame, around 30 days or less. Most importantly, these payments do not involve apromissory note. For example,mortgageobligations would not be grouped in with accounts payable because they do in fact come with a promissory note attached. For this reason, mortgage obligations fall under “notes payable,” none of these are classed as accounts payable.
Expenses are displayed on a company’s income statement, which itemizes revenues and expenses, to convey net income for a given period. An example of an expense transaction would be any cost incurred while a salesperson is attempting to generate revenue on a networking trip. These expenses may include lodging, client dinners, car rentals, gasoline, office supplies, and multimedia materials used for presentations.
Logistical Tracking Measures
Not surprisingly, keeping track of accounts payable can be a complex and onerous task. For this reason, companies typically employ bookkeepers and accountants who often utilize advanced accounting software to monitor invoices and the flow of outgoing money.
These tracking responsibilities become exponentially more complicated with large firms that have multiple business lines, and with large product manufactures that produce numerous stock-keeping units (SKUs). For such entities, bookkeeping personnel are increasingly relying on the use of specialized accounts payable automation solutions—often referred to as “ePayables”—to simplify processes by automating the paper and manual elements associated with coordinating an organization's invoices.
