What Is the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion?
The foreign earned income exclusion is intended to prevent double taxation by excluding incometaxed in another country from U.S. taxation. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will tax your income earned worldwide; however, if you are an American expat, this means you are taxed twice on this income. The income you receive overseas is taxed in the foreign country and can be taxed again by the IRS.
Key Takeaways
- The foreign earned income exclusion was created to avoid double taxation for Americans living abroad.
- Only U.S. citizens who meet certain qualifications may claim the foreign earned income inclusion, among them being a U.S. citizen or resident alien.
- Resident aliens who are citizens or nationals of a country with which the U.S. has an income tax treaty may qualify.
- If you are living and working abroad, it may be worth investigating the foreign earned income exclusion before you prepare your taxes.
- A foreign housing amount represents the housing costs you paid abroad with foreign earned income.
Understanding Foreign Earned Income Exclusion
The foreign earned income exclusion is elected on IRS tax Form 2555. Furthermore, taxpayers who claim this exclusion make domestic retirement plan contributions of any kind that are based on this income or claim the foreign tax credit or deduction for any taxes paid to a foreign government on this income.
You must meet specific qualifications to claim the foreign earned income exclusion.
- You are a U.S citizen or resident alien. A resident alien is a foreign person and is a permanent resident without citizenship of the country in which they reside. To fall under this classification in the United States, a person needs to either have a current green card or have had one during the last calendar year.
- You have a qualifying presence in a foreign country. Qualifying presence status is met by satisfying the bona fide resident test by being a resident in the country for a full tax year. You may also fulfill the physical presence test by being physically present there for at least 330 days within a 12-month consecutive period.
- You have foreign earned income. You have foreign earned income if you receive wages through employment or compensation through self-employment for services you perform in a foreign country. The income you receive from foreign-source pensions, investments, alimony, or gambling is not foreign earned income.
Foreign Housing Amount
There is a statutory maximum exclusion amount plus a foreign housing amountwhich limits the exclusion. It isprorated if the number of qualifying days in a foreign country is less than a full tax year.
The foreign housing amount is the housing costs you paid with foreign earned income that exceeds 16% of the maximum exclusion, or base, amount. This amount has a cap of 30% of the maximum exclusion amount. The foreign housing amount is taken as an exclusion by employees and as a deduction by self-employed individuals.
For the 2022 tax year, the maximum exclusion amount is $112,000 and it goes up to $120,000 in 2023.
Example of Foreign Earned Income Exclusion
Let’s see how the foreign earned income exclusion works. MP is an American working in Vietnam. They lived in Hanoi for 345 days of the tax year and were absent for 10 days on a trip home for Thanksgiving. They earned a salary of $225,000 and paid $30,596 of it to lease a flat for the year. MP paid $75,000 in Vietnamese income tax and owed $81,000 in U.S. income tax on this income. The upshot is that their foreign earned income is being taxed twice.
Since MP is a U.S. citizen who paid foreign taxes on income they earned during 335 qualifying days in a foreign country, they may elect to exclude the foreign earned income from their U.S.taxable income.
MP’s 2022 exclusion is $112,000, and MP's 2022 foreign housing amount is $15,040 ($33,600 in housing costs – $16,944 base amount). Since $13,652 is less than the $31,770 cap amount, no further reduction is necessary.
The foreign earned income exclusion allows MP to exclude $111,000 from their taxable income. But $114,000 remains included, and since they have paid foreign taxes of $37,000 and stillowe U.S. taxes of $36,000, it remains double taxed.
MP should take a $37,000nonrefundableforeign tax credit against the $36,000 U.S. taxes they owe. As long as they timely file Form 2555 to elect the foreign earned income exclusion and Form 1116 claiming theforeign tax credit, they will not owe U.S. taxes on the foreign income.
Who Qualifies for the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion?
A U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien who is physically present in another country for 330 days or more during 12 consecutive months, a U.S. citizen who is a legal resident of a foreign country for an uninterrupted period that includes an entire tax year, or a U.S. resident alien who is a citizen or national of a country with which the United States has an income tax treaty in effect who is a legal resident of a foreign country for an uninterrupted period that includes an entire tax year, qualify for the foreign earned income exclusion.
What Is the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion for 2022?
For 2022, the foreign earned income exclusion is $112,000. For 2023, the amount is $120,000. Any earned income below these amounts for an individual will not be taxed.
Do I Have To Pay U.S. Taxes on Foreign Income?
Yes, as a U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien, you must pay taxes on all foreign earned income regardless of your place of residency; however, you may qualify for foreign earned income exclusions or foreign income tax credits.
